Unveiling the Secrets of Bedouin Camel Racing

The vast expanse of the desert, where the sun beats down mercilessly and the only sound comes from the shifting sands, is an unlikely venue for a sporting event. But this is where the Bedouin people have held camel races for centuries, and continue to do so today. The tradition of camel racing is deeply rooted in Bedouin culture and holds immense significance, not just as a source of entertainment but also as a show of prestige and pride. However, while the essence of the sport remains the same, the methods and practices have evolved with the times. In this article, we will take an insider look into the world of Bedouin camel racing, exploring everything from the history and significance of the sport to the preparation, race tactics, equipment used, and challenges faced.

The Tradition of Camel Racing

As fascinating as it may seem, the tradition of camel racing dates back several centuries and continues to be a vital part of Bedouin culture. This traditional sport is a unique and thrilling spectacle that has managed to withstand the test of time. To gain a deeper understanding of the Bedouin’s camel racing practices, it is important to delve into the history and significance of this sport. For more information on the history of camel racing, you can read our article on the history of camel racing.

History of Bedouin Camel Racing

Camel racing has been an integral part of Bedouin culture for centuries, with a rich history steeped in tradition and competition. Strong camels were originally bred for transportation and work purposes; they would carry people, food, and supplies across the vast deserts of the Arab world. As Bedouin society evolved, racing became a way to showcase their skills in breeding and training the finest racing camels.

Year	Event
7th century	The first documented camel race was held during the reign of Caliph Uthman in the 7th century. The purpose of the race was to determine which camel could cover the greatest distance in a set amount of time.
19th century	Camel racing continued to grow into the 19th century, with increasing interest and participation from Bedouin tribes. Races were often held during major celebrations or events and became a source of community pride and entertainment.
Early 20th century	With the arrival of motorized transportation in the early 20th century, camel racing lost some of its popularity. However, it experienced a resurgence in the 1940s, as new technology allowed Bedouin breeders to use scientific methods to improve the strength, speed, and endurance of their camels.
Present day	Today, camel racing remains a beloved tradition in the Arab world, with races held throughout the year and often accompanied by festivals and celebrations. It has also become a big business, with camel races and auctions attracting buyers from all over the world, especially from Gulf countries.

The Bedouin have always held camels in high regard, and their importance has only grown with the rise of camel racing. These majestic creatures are an integral part of Bedouin heritage, and the history of camel racing is a testament to their enduring significance.

Significance of Camel Racing in Bedouin Culture

The Bedouin culture places a great significance on camel racing, considering it as one of the most revered traditions of their society. For Bedouin communities, owning camels and participating in racing events represents wealth and prestige. It is also an opportunity for these nomadic people to showcase their exceptional breeding and training skills.

Camel racing is deeply rooted in the Bedouin way of life and is a reflection of their cultural heritage. These desert-dwelling communities have a strong bond with their camels, who are not just their mode of transportation but also their source of livelihood. Racing camels, in particular, are considered to be a symbol of pride and honor for Bedouin tribes.

Historically, camel racing served as a means of entertainment during festive occasions like weddings and religious celebrations. As time went by, the practice evolved into a competitive sport and became an integral part of Bedouin culture.

Today, camel racing events are still celebrated with the same zeal and enthusiasm as they were centuries ago. Modern camel racing attracts both locals and tourists alike, giving them a glimpse into the rich traditions of the Bedouin community.

Camel racing holds immense cultural significance for the Bedouin people and has been an essential part of their way of life for generations. It is a testament to their deep connection with the desert, their nomadic lifestyle, and their remarkable ability to tame and train these magnificent creatures.

The future of camel racing is constantly evolving, and there are ongoing efforts to address the challenges it faces while preserving its cultural significance.

Camel Racing in Modern Times

As the world rapidly modernizes into the 21st century, many traditions have either been lost or adapted to the times. However, some practices have managed to hold on to their cultural significance and continue to be celebrated. One of such practices is the art of camel racing, which has deep roots in Arabian culture and society. Understanding the evolution of camel racing over the years is important to grasp how it has adapted to the changing times while still remaining authentic. It has come a long way from being just a mode of transportation to becoming a sport rich in tradition and prestige. In this article, we delve into the factors that have influenced the modernization of camel racing, including the breeding and training practices of champion camels, the technological advancements in equipment and jockeying, and the legal and ethical controversies that have arisen.

Evolution of Camel Racing in Bedouin Society

Camel racing has a deep-rooted history in Bedouin society and is considered an integral part of their culture. The evolution of camel racing in Bedouin society is a testament to the enduring tradition and importance of this sport.

In the past, camel racing was primarily a means of transportation for the Bedouin people. Camels were used as pack animals to carry goods and people across the desert. Over time, the Bedouin people began to race their camels for entertainment purposes, and this eventually evolved into a highly competitive sport.

In the early days of camel racing, the Bedouin people would simply race their camels across the desert. As the sport became more popular, organized races were held, and rules and regulations were put in place.

One significant development in the evolution of camel racing was the introduction of camel jockeys. In the past, young boys were used as jockeys in races, but this practice has since been outlawed due to concerns about child welfare. Today, robotic jockeys are used in most races, and this has helped to minimize the risk of injury to both camels and jockeys.

Another significant development in the evolution of camel racing is the use of advanced technology to enhance the performance of racing camels. Breeders now use genetic engineering and assisted reproductive technology to breed faster and stronger camels. Trainers use state-of-the-art facilities and equipment to condition and train racing camels, and nutritional supplements are used to optimize their performance.

Despite these changes, the essence of camel racing remains the same – a test of speed and endurance in the harsh desert environment. Today, camel racing is an important part of the cultural heritage of many countries in the Arab world, and it continues to draw large crowds of spectators.

To understand the current state of camel racing in the Arab world, read our article on comparing camel races, where we compare popular racing events. If you want to learn about the breeding process and how champions are created, you should definitely check out our article on breeding camels for racing champions.

Current State of Camel Racing in the Arab World

Camel racing is widely popular across the Arab world, particularly in countries such as Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates. In fact, it is considered to be one of the most cherished traditions in Bedouin culture. The camel racing industry has grown significantly in recent times, with more modern technology and equipment being introduced. Today, camel racing is not just seen as a traditional sport or pastime, but also as a lucrative industry that attracts a large fan base.

In many Arabian countries, state-of-the-art tracks have been developed for camel racing events, with millions of dollars being invested into the sport each year. In addition to the races, camel beauty pageants, auctions, and other related activities also take place. The industry has expanded globally as well, with countries like Australia and the United Kingdom establishing their own camel races and events.

However, the sport has not been without controversy. The use of child jockeys has been a major issue in some parts of the Arab world, and many international organizations have called for the practice to be banned. In response, some countries have introduced strict laws regarding the use of child jockeys, and have even looked into the use of robotic jockeys as an alternative.

Despite the controversies surrounding the sport, camel racing remains a beloved tradition in many Arab countries. The races attract people from all walks of life, and are often considered to be a social gathering where families and friends come together to enjoy the festivities. With new innovations being introduced into the sport each year, camel racing is likely to remain an important part of Arab culture and tradition for many generations to come.

Sources:

• Famous Camel Races
• Introduction to Camel Racing Types
• Understanding Camel Racing Tracks and Distances

Preparing for the Race

As with any sport, preparation is key to success. The same holds true for the ancient and beloved tradition of camel racing among the Bedouin people. The process of preparing racing camels for competition is both time-consuming and detailed, involving several stages that span months, if not years. From the breeding and selection of top-performing camels to their proper training and conditioning, as well as careful attention to their diet and jockey selection, every step in the preparation process must be carefully executed. In this section, we will take a closer look at the various stages involved in preparing a camel for racing and explore the intricate details of the process.

Breeding and Selection of Racing Camels

Breeding and selection are crucial in determining the success of a racing camel. Bedouin camel breeders have a rich understanding of camel physiology and genetics, passed down through generations. They pay attention to factors such as bloodline, body structure, and temperament when selecting breeding pairs.

To breed racing camels, breeders look for certain physical characteristics, such as long legs, slim build, and broad chests, as well as a calm, trainable temperament. These traits increase a camel’s chances of winning races and make it easier to train and handle.

Breeding pairs are carefully selected based on their pedigree and performance records in previous races. Camels from successful bloodlines are highly sought after and can fetch a premium price. Breeders also consider the age, size, and health of the camels, as well as the compatibility of the pair.

Once the breeding pair is selected, the female is monitored closely during pregnancy. Camel gestation lasts for about 13 months, and mothers with a history of successful offspring are highly valued. When the baby camel, known as a foal, is born, it is closely monitored and cared for to ensure it grows up healthy and strong.

The breeding and selection of racing camels is a highly specialized and detailed process that involves the careful consideration of various factors. With well-chosen breeding pairs, breeders set the stage for producing generations of successful racing camels.

Training and Conditioning of Racing Camels

Strong and swift, racing camels require a rigorous training regimen in order to perform at their best during races. The training and conditioning process begins from a young age, as camels are selectively bred and raised for their speed and endurance.

During the early stages of training, young racing camels are typically led by their trainers and encouraged to run short distances. As they grow older and more accustomed to running, the distance and duration of their workouts is gradually increased.

Training and conditioning techniques for racing camels include:

Hill training:	Camels are taken up steep hills in order to build strength and endurance in their legs and lungs. This method is favored by many trainers, as it simulates the rigors of racing and helps to develop a camel’s stamina.
Sand training:	Racing camels are also conditioned to run on sandy surfaces, which requires greater exertion due to the soft, unstable footing. Trainers may take their camels to nearby deserts or sandy fields for this type of workout.
Swimming:	Some trainers believe that swimming is an effective way to strengthen a camel’s muscles and improve their cardiovascular fitness. Camels are taken to pools or shallow rivers for this exercise.
Massage and stretching:	Like human athletes, racing camels require proper stretching and massage to prevent injury and improve flexibility. Trainers use various techniques to stretch and loosen the camels’ muscles before and after workouts.

In addition to these techniques, trainers may also use music and other stimuli to motivate their camels during training. As the race day approaches, camels are typically trained more intensely and given rest periods to ensure optimal performance. Proper training and conditioning are essential for racing camels to succeed, and trainers must be vigilant in ensuring their camels are prepared both physically and mentally for the rigors of competition.

Dietary Regimes and Nutritional Supplements

Proper nutrition and dietary regimes are crucial for maintaining the health and performance of racing camels. The diet and supplementation of racing camels are meticulously managed by their trainers and owners.

Food

Camels are herbivores and their diet mainly consists of hay, grains, and fresh vegetables. The hay provides roughage and fiber, whereas grains and vegetables provide essential vitamins and minerals. Race camels are often fed a special diet that is high in protein and energy.

Table: Example of daily diet for racing camels
| Food | Amount per day |
| ———————| ————————|
| Hay | 20-25 kg |
| Barley or corn | 3-4kg |
| Alfalfa or clover | 10-12 kg |
| Dates | 1-2 kg |
| Vegetables (carrots, | |
| cucumbers, and | |
| pumpkins) | 2-3 kg |

Supplements

In addition to their regular diet, racing camels require additional supplements to optimize their performance. Calcium and phosphorus supplements are given to promote strong bones and muscles. Supplements containing vitamin B complex are also provided to aid in carbohydrate metabolism which helps the camels use energy more efficiently.

Table: Example of nutritional supplements given to racing camels
| Nutritional supplement | Purpose |
| ————————| ————————- |
| Calcium and phosphorus | Promote strong bones and muscles |
| Vitamin B complex | Improve carbohydrate metabolism |

Careful management of a camel’s diet and supplementation ensures that they are in top condition for upcoming races. Racing camels who are well nourished and healthy have a better chance of performing well and achieving success in camel racing competitions.

Camel Jockeys and Their Role in Racing

The Role of Camel Jockeys in Racing

Camel jockeys are an essential part of the racing process and play a crucial role in the success of the race. They are responsible for managing the camel during the race and ensuring that it performs to the best of its ability. Here are some of the ways in which camel jockeys contribute to the success of the race:

Task	Description
Weight Management	The weight of the jockey is a critical factor in determining the performance of the camel. Too much weight can slow the camel down, while too little weight can affect its balance. Jockeys need to keep their weight in check to ensure that the camel performs at its best.
Navigation	During the race, the jockey must navigate the camel through the track and avoid any obstacles that may hinder its progress. They need to be familiar with the terrain and be able to adjust their strategy based on the camel’s performance.
Motivation	Jockeys need to motivate the camel to perform to the best of its ability. They do this by using a combination of vocal cues and physical prompts to encourage the camel to run faster and maintain its speed.
Risk Management	Racing can be dangerous for both the camel and the jockey. Jockeys need to be aware of the potential risks and take measures to protect themselves and the camel during the race.
Strategy	Finally, jockeys need to be able to develop a strategy for the race that will maximize the camel’s performance. They need to be able to adapt and change their strategy as the race progresses, based on the performance of the camel and the other racers.

Camel jockeys are critical to the success of camel racing. They play an essential role in managing the camel during the race, ensuring that it performs to the best of its ability. From weight management to strategy development, camel jockeys bring a unique set of skills to the sport that cannot be ignored.

The Race Itself

As the moment approaches, the tension in the air is palpable. The sun beats down mercilessly on the desert sands, and the wind sends small whirlwinds spiraling across the track. The spectators line the course, their eyes fixed on the horizon, waiting for the first sign of movement. And then, emerging from the heat haze, come the racing camels – their lean bodies shimmering in the sun, their long legs carrying them effortlessly across the sand. The excitement is contagious as the crowd roars, willing their chosen camel to victory. What follows is a display of speed, skill, and endurance that has captivated audiences for centuries.

Structure of a Typical Camel Race

A camel race is typically carried out on a straight track that is several kilometers long. The race is divided into several parts, each with its own rules and regulations. The structure of a typical camel race can be summarized in the following table:

Race Segment	Description
Start	The race begins with a gunshot or a flag signal from the starting line.
First Stage	The first stage is the longest part of the race, usually ranging from 6 to 10 km. Camels are usually required to maintain a certain speed during this stage.
Rest Stop	After the first stage, there is a rest stop for the camels to regain energy, drink water, and receive any necessary medical attention.
Second Stage	The second stage is shorter than the first stage, usually ranging from 4 to 6 km. Camels are usually required to maintain a certain speed during this stage as well.
Finish Line	The race ends with a marked finish line, where the first camel to cross is declared the winner.

During the race, it is common for the camels to be ridden by small jockeys who are experienced in camel racing. These jockeys often use whips to encourage the camels to run faster. However, many countries have banned the use of child jockeys due to concerns over child labor and exploitation.

The structure of a typical camel race may vary based on location and tradition, but they all generally involve multiple stages and a finish line. The strategies and tactics used by the jockeys and the camels can greatly affect the outcome of the race.

Strategies and Tactics of Camel Racing

When it comes to camel racing, there are several strategies and tactics that come into play. Here are some of the most common ones:

• Pace setting: One common tactic is to have one camel set the pace for the others. This can help to tire out the other camels and make it easier for the pace setter to cross the finish line first.
• Drafting: Similar to pace setting, drafting involves a camel following closely behind another in order to take advantage of the wind resistance created by the lead camel. This can help the trailing camel to preserve energy and make a final push towards the end of the race.
• Blocking: In some races, camels may try to block other competitors from passing them. This can be done by positioning the camel in a way that makes it difficult for others to get around them.
• Surging: This tactic involves a camel making a sudden burst of speed towards the end of the race in an attempt to overtake the competition.
• Bumping: While not technically allowed, some camel jockeys may try to bump into other camels in order to disrupt their pace or even knock them off balance.
• Mind games: Finally, there are various mind games that can come into play during a race. For example, a jockey may shout or make loud noises in order to startle another camel or distract its rider.

These are just a few examples of the strategies and tactics used in camel racing. As with any sport, some are more effective than others, and the best jockeys will be able to adapt their approach based on the specific conditions and competition they are facing.

Equipment Used in Camel Racing

In camel racing, several pieces of equipment are used to ensure the safety and comfort of the camel during the race. These include:

• Saddle: A well-fitted saddle is crucial for the comfort of the camel and to prevent any injuries. The saddle is placed on the hump of the camel, and it can be made of various materials, including leather, synthetic materials, and even sheepskin. The saddle is also equipped with stirrups, which are used by the jockey for balance and control.
• Blinkers: Also known as blinders, these are small pieces of leather or plastic that are placed on the camel’s face to limit its peripheral vision. This helps the camel to focus on the race in front of it, preventing spooking or distractions.
• Leg Wraps: These are designed to protect the lower legs of the camel from any injuries that may occur during the race, such as cuts or scrapes from the sand. The leg wraps are typically made of sturdy, breathable materials and are secured with velcro or other fasteners.
• Nose Peg: This is a small piece of metal that is placed in the nostrils of the camel to control its breathing. The nose peg is used to ensure that the camel breathes through its mouth, which can help to prevent exhaustion during the race.
• Reins and Whips: These are used by the jockey to steer and guide the camel during the race. The reins are attached to the camel’s halter, while the whip is used to signal the camel to speed up or slow down. It is worth mentioning that the use of whips in camel racing is controversial, with some arguing that it constitutes animal cruelty.

The equipment used in camel racing is designed to prioritize the safety and well-being of the camel during the race. It is crucial that the equipment is well-maintained, and fits the camel properly to ensure that there are no accidents or injuries during the race.

Challenges and Controversies

As with any cultural practice involving animals, camel racing is not exempt from its fair share of challenges and controversies. These issues can range from concerns for animal welfare to legal and ethical issues surrounding the sport. Some may argue that these challenges tarnish the tradition of camel racing, while others believe in finding solutions that both preserve the cultural significance of the sport and address any problematic aspects. In this section, we will explore some of the challenges and controversies surrounding modern-day camel racing practices.

Animal Welfare Concerns

The issue of animal welfare is one of the most pressing concerns surrounding camel racing practices. The use of whips and spurs during races has been criticized for being cruel and potentially harmful to the animals. Additionally, the practice of overworking and underfeeding racing camels has led to several instances of injury, illness, and even death.

Other animal welfare concerns include the use of child jockeys in some regions, who are often subjected to hazardous working conditions and physical abuse. In response to these concerns, some countries have banned the use of child jockeys and have replaced them with robot jockeys instead.

Another issue is the use of performance-enhancing drugs and supplements to improve the performance of camels. While there are guidelines in place to regulate the use of these substances, instances of doping continue to occur.

To address these concerns, some organizations have called for the implementation of stricter animal welfare regulations and greater transparency and oversight in the racing industry. Animal welfare groups have also urged for more education and awareness among the general public regarding the treatment of racing camels.

It is important to recognize that while camel racing is a significant part of Bedouin culture and heritage, it is essential to prioritize the well-being of the animals involved. As advancements in technology and regulations continue to be made, it is hoped that the racing industry can evolve to be both entertaining and ethical.

Legal and Ethical Issues Surrounding Camel Racing

Camel racing, like any other sport that involves animals, faces various legal and ethical issues. Animal welfare concerns top the list of controversies surrounding camel racing. The use of child jockeys, who were often trafficked from neighboring countries and subjected to harsh working conditions, has long been a contentious issue in the sport.

To curtail the practice of employing child jockeys, some countries in the Arab world have implemented strict laws that prohibit the use of children under the age of 14 in camel racing. These countries have also developed alternative methods, such as using robots or remote-controlled whips, to replace child jockeys.

However, there are still reports of child exploitation in some regions, and in some instances, regulations are not being strictly enforced. This raises legal and ethical issues that revolve around the protection of human rights.

Another contentious issue surrounding camel racing is related to the treatment of camels during the training and racing phases. There have been instances of race organizers using illegal drugs and other performance-enhancing substances to boost the performance of racing camels. This raises questions about the integrity and fairness of the sport.

There have been reports of camels being subjected to cruelty and abuse during training or through the use of instruments that inflict pain. These practices have led to concerns about animal cruelty and have sparked calls for better regulations and oversight to ensure humane treatment of racing camels.

To address these challenges and controversies, racing organizations, animal welfare groups, and government bodies have called for more robust regulations, better enforcement of existing laws, and the implementation of better training and management practices. While efforts are being made to mitigate the legal and ethical issues surrounding camel racing, much still needs to be done to address the concerns of all stakeholders involved in the sport.

Legal issues	Ethical Issues
Enforcement of laws to protect child jockeys	Protection of human rights
Regulations to curb performance-enhancing drug use	Maintaining the integrity and fairness of the sport
Banning the use of instruments that inflict pain	Ensuring humane treatment of racing camels

Alternative Forms of Entertainment for Racing Camels

While camel racing is a tradition that has been practiced by the Bedouin people for centuries, concerns about the welfare of the racing camels have led to the exploration of alternative forms of entertainment for these animals. Some alternatives to traditional camel racing include:

• Camel beauty contests: In recent years, camel beauty contests have become a popular alternative to racing. These contests focus on the physical appearance of the camel, with judges evaluating the animal’s size, shape, and coloring. This shift towards beauty contests has been seen as a move towards more ethical treatment of racing camels.
• Camel shows: Camel shows are another alternative to racing. These events feature trained camels performing various tricks and stunts to entertain spectators. Examples of camel show events include camel acrobatics, camel racing obstacle courses, and even camel soccer matches.
• Camel trekking: For those who want to experience the beauty of the desert in a more peaceful way, camel trekking is a great alternative to racing. In this activity, camels are used as transportation for tourists on guided tours of the desert. This not only provides a more ethical alternative to racing but also offers a unique opportunity for visitors to immerse themselves in Bedouin culture.
• National festivals: Many Arab countries hold national festivals that include cultural and recreational activities, with camel racing being just one part of the festivities. These festivals allow for a wider range of traditional activities to be celebrated, while still including camel racing as an important part of the cultural heritage of the region.

While the Bedouin people have a deep cultural connection to camel racing, there is a growing recognition of the need to find alternative forms of entertainment that prioritize the welfare of the animals. These alternatives offer visitors and locals alike a chance to experience the beauty of the desert and the Bedouin way of life, while still celebrating the important role that camels play in the region’s cultural heritage.

Conclusion

After gaining an insider look into Bedouin camel racing practices, it becomes clear that the tradition of camel racing holds great significance in Bedouin culture. While the history of camel racing dates back centuries, the evolution of the sport has led to the use of modern technologies and training methods.

Despite the challenges and controversies surrounding the sport, such as animal welfare concerns and legal and ethical issues, the tradition of camel racing continues to thrive in the Arab world. One alternative form of entertainment for racing camels that has emerged is using drones instead of human jockeys, which addresses some of the animal welfare concerns.

Throughout the process of preparing for a race, it is essential to prioritize the selection, training, conditioning, and proper nutrition of racing camels. The role of the camel jockey, who has now typically been replaced by remote control devices, is also critical to the success of the race.

During the race itself, a range of strategies and tactics are employed to gain an advantage over competitors. The use of equipment such as racing saddles and nosebands helps the riders maintain control and stability during the race.

While challenges and controversies exist, it is worth recognizing the cultural significance and traditional value that camel racing holds for many communities in the Arab world. As modern technology progresses, it is essential to find a balance between preserving traditional practices and ensuring animal welfare.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the history of camel racing in Bedouin culture?

Camel racing has been a part of Bedouin culture for centuries with evidence of the sport dating back to pre-Islamic times.

What is the significance of camel racing in Bedouin culture?

In Bedouin culture, camel racing is seen as a symbol of their identity, strength, and wealth. It is also a way to showcase the breeding abilities of their camels.

How has camel racing evolved in Bedouin society?

With advancements in technology and the availability of resources, camel racing has become a more widespread and popular sport in Bedouin society. The introduction of prize money has also made it a more competitive sport.

What is the current state of camel racing in the Arab world?

Camel racing is still a popular sport in the Arab world, with races taking place in various locations throughout the year. It is also recognized as an official sport by many governments.

How are racing camels selected and bred?

Racing camels are carefully selected based on certain criteria such as speed, agility, and breeding history. They are bred in specific breeding farms to ensure that the offspring have the desired characteristics.

What is involved in training and conditioning racing camels?

Racing camels undergo rigorous training and conditioning regimes that include several hours of exercise, a specific diet, and even massages to ensure they are in peak physical condition for the race.

What types of dietary regimes and nutritional supplements are used for racing camels?

Racing camels are fed special diets that include high-energy feeds such as barley and dates. They are also given supplements to support their overall health and stamina.

Who are the camel jockeys and what is their role in racing?

Camel jockeys are typically young boys who ride the camels during the race. Their role is to guide the camel, follow race strategies, and make adjustments during the race.

What equipment is used in camel racing?

Camel racing equipment includes saddles, reins, and whips. The materials used for the saddles and reins are typically lightweight to ensure that they don’t weigh down the camels.

What are some alternative forms of entertainment for racing camels?

As the racing of camels has come under scrutiny for animal welfare concerns, there has been a shift towards using robots as jockeys or finding alternative forms of entertainment such as beauty contests for camels.

References

• Sprinting Over the Dirt, With a Robot on the Hump
• Yemenite Jews – Wikipedia